Direct Democracy Index by country

Measures the extent of how easy it is for citizens to vote on specific issues themselves in popular initiatives, referendums, and plebiscites.

Countries reporting
172
Highest
0.679
Switzerland
Lowest
0
United States
Median
0.033
Years covered
126
1900–2025
Data points
20,802

What the numbers show

Direct Democracy Index is currently reported for 172 countries. The highest value is 0.679 in Switzerland; the lowest is 0 in United States.

The median across all reporting countries is 0.033, and the mean is 0.0898.

Over the past decade 36 countries rose and 54 fell. The largest increase was in Vanuatu (up 907.7%), and the largest decrease in Sudan (down 100.0%).

Direct Democracy Index: full country ranking

#Country LatestYear 10-year changeTrend
1 Switzerland 0.679 2025 unchanged rising
2 Uruguay 0.618 2025 up 6.0% volatile
3 Ecuador 0.551 2025 up 56.5% volatile
4 Taiwan 0.518 2025 up 112.3% volatile
5 Mexico 0.466 2025 up 538.4% volatile
6 Romania 0.403 2025 up 55.6% volatile
7 Italy 0.353 2025 up 12.4% volatile
8 Kyrgyzstan 0.326 2025 up 65.5% volatile
9 Venezuela 0.297 2025 up 2.8% volatile
10 Moldova 0.291 2025 up 59.9% volatile
11 Slovakia 0.279 2025 down 23.1% volatile
12 Australia 0.264 2025 up 725.0% falling
13 Central African Republic 0.259 2025 up 129.2% volatile
14 Hungary 0.258 2025 down 3.0% volatile
14 Slovenia 0.258 2025 down 42.9% volatile
16 Egypt 0.232 2025 up 8.9% volatile
17 Russia 0.229 2025 up 218.1% volatile
18 New Zealand 0.222 2025 down 45.3% volatile
19 Mali 0.22 2025 up 566.7% volatile
20 Gabon 0.213 2025 up 545.5% volatile
20 Chad 0.213 2025 up 104.8% volatile
22 Lithuania 0.211 2025 down 49.4% volatile
22 Serbia 0.211 2025 up 23.4% volatile
24 Bulgaria 0.201 2025 down 16.2% volatile
25 Qatar 0.2 2025 up 92.3% volatile
26 Peru 0.195 2025 down 23.8% volatile
27 Kazakhstan 0.194 2025 up 424.3% volatile
30 Uzbekistan 0.188 2025 up 100.0% volatile
31 Denmark 0.185 2025 unchanged volatile
32 Croatia 0.174 2025 down 44.2% volatile
33 Poland 0.169 2025 unchanged volatile
34 North Macedonia 0.166 2025 down 16.6% volatile
35 Mauritania 0.165 2025 up 7.8% volatile
36 Thailand 0.161 2025 volatile
37 Azerbaijan 0.158 2025 down 18.6% volatile
38 Colombia 0.154 2025 up 170.2% volatile
39 Cuba 0.151 2025 up 357.6% volatile
39 Guinea 0.151 2025 up 62.4% volatile
39 Tunisia 0.151 2025 up 43.8% volatile
42 Algeria 0.143 2025 up 1.4% volatile
43 Tajikistan 0.14 2025 up 29.6% volatile
44 Bolivia 0.138 2025 down 63.2% volatile
45 Chile 0.133 2025 up 786.7% volatile
46 Turkey 0.132 2025 down 52.0% volatile
47 Vanuatu 0.131 2025 up 907.7% volatile
48 Belarus 0.13 2025 up 10.2% volatile
49 Burundi 0.128 2025 down 9.2% volatile
49 Greece 0.128 2025 down 36.0% volatile
49 Guatemala 0.128 2025 up 287.9% volatile
52 Zimbabwe 0.117 2025 down 41.5% volatile
53 Armenia 0.113 2025 down 28.0% volatile
54 Cote d'Ivoire 0.112 2025 up 38.3% volatile
54 Senegal 0.112 2025 up 55.6% volatile
56 Comoros 0.108 2025 down 6.9% volatile
57 Latvia 0.106 2025 down 76.9% volatile
58 Congo 0.104 2025 down 31.1% volatile
58 Rwanda 0.104 2025 down 55.7% volatile
60 Morocco 0.093 2025 down 56.3% volatile
61 Syria 0.092 2025 down 54.0% volatile
62 Costa Rica 0.083 2025 down 57.9% volatile
64 Iceland 0.082 2025 down 49.7% volatile
65 Madagascar 0.081 2025 down 59.7% volatile
65 Niger 0.081 2025 down 64.0% volatile
67 Equatorial Guinea 0.08 2025 down 60.0% volatile
67 Nicaragua 0.08 2025 unchanged volatile
69 Turkmenistan 0.075 2025 up 1.4% volatile
70 Paraguay 0.072 2025 down 52.3% volatile
71 Philippines 0.07 2025 unchanged volatile
72 Kenya 0.069 2025 down 52.7% volatile
73 Zambia 0.065 2025 up 109.7% volatile
74 Cape Verde 0.063 2025 unchanged volatile
75 Uganda 0.062 2025 down 69.2% volatile
75 Ukraine 0.062 2025 down 52.3% volatile
77 Albania 0.06 2025 down 11.8% volatile
77 United Kingdom 0.06 2025 down 55.6% volatile
77 Montenegro 0.06 2025 down 53.8% volatile
80 Liberia 0.059 2025 down 20.3% volatile
81 Georgia 0.053 2025 down 76.7% volatile
82 Maldives 0.045 2025 down 72.7% volatile
83 Togo 0.042 2025 unchanged volatile
84 Djibouti 0.04 2025 unchanged volatile
85 Estonia 0.038 2025 down 65.8% volatile
86 Austria 0.033 2025 down 82.9% volatile
86 Benin 0.033 2025 up 65.0% volatile
86 Burkina Faso 0.033 2025 unchanged volatile
86 Democratic Republic of Congo 0.033 2025 down 68.3% volatile
86 France 0.033 2025 down 54.8% volatile
86 Somalia 0.033 2025 unchanged volatile
92 South Korea 0.031 2025 unchanged volatile
92 Sri Lanka 0.031 2025 unchanged volatile
92 Mozambique 0.031 2025 unchanged volatile
92 Namibia 0.031 2025 unchanged volatile
96 Iran 0.029 2025 unchanged volatile
96 Mongolia 0.029 2025 unchanged volatile
98 Spain 0.028 2025 down 74.3% volatile
98 Portugal 0.028 2025 down 78.9% volatile
98 Sweden 0.028 2025 unchanged volatile
101 Gambia 0.026 2025 unchanged volatile
102 Ghana 0.024 2025 unchanged volatile
103 Myanmar 0.021 2025 down 72.7% volatile
104 Afghanistan 0.02 2025 unchanged volatile
104 Bahrain 0.02 2025 down 75.0% volatile
104 Brazil 0.02 2025 down 66.7% volatile
104 Bhutan 0.02 2025 unchanged volatile
104 Cameroon 0.02 2025 unchanged volatile
104 Guinea-Bissau 0.02 2025 unchanged volatile
104 Japan 0.02 2025 unchanged volatile
104 Nepal 0.02 2025 unchanged volatile
104 Pakistan 0.02 2025 down 78.3% volatile
104 South Sudan 0.02 2025 unchanged volatile
104 Sao Tome and Principe 0.02 2025 unchanged volatile
104 Suriname 0.02 2025 unchanged volatile
104 Vietnam 0.02 2025 unchanged flat
104 South Africa 0.02 2025 unchanged volatile
118 Angola 0.018 2025 unchanged volatile
118 East Timor 0.018 2025 unchanged volatile
120 Belgium 0.017 2025 unchanged volatile
120 Honduras 0.017 2025 unchanged volatile
122 Argentina 0.015 2025 unchanged volatile
122 Canada 0.015 2025 unchanged volatile
122 Finland 0.015 2025 unchanged volatile
122 Netherlands 0.015 2025 down 75.8% volatile
122 Norway 0.015 2025 unchanged volatile
122 Tanzania 0.015 2025 unchanged volatile
128 Botswana 0.013 2025 down 75.0% volatile
128 Czechia 0.013 2025 down 80.9% volatile
128 Ethiopia 0.013 2025 unchanged volatile
128 Guyana 0.013 2025 unchanged volatile
128 Iraq 0.013 2025 down 84.5% volatile
128 Israel 0.013 2025 unchanged volatile
128 Jamaica 0.013 2025 unchanged volatile
128 Lesotho 0.013 2025 unchanged volatile
128 Malawi 0.013 2025 unchanged volatile
128 Panama 0.013 2025 down 85.9% volatile
128 Papua New Guinea 0.013 2025 unchanged volatile
128 El Salvador 0.013 2025 unchanged volatile
128 Eswatini 0.013 2025 unchanged volatile
128 Yemen 0.013 2025 down 75.0% volatile
142 Dominican Republic 0.012 2025 unchanged volatile
142 Seychelles 0.012 2025 unchanged volatile
144 Germany 0.011 2025 unchanged volatile
144 Libya 0.011 2025 unchanged volatile
144 Singapore 0.011 2025 unchanged volatile
147 Mauritius 0.009 2025 unchanged volatile
147 Sierra Leone 0.009 2025 unchanged volatile
149 Fiji 0.007 2025 unchanged volatile
149 Nigeria 0.007 2025 unchanged volatile
151 United Arab Emirates 0 2025 flat
151 Bangladesh 0 2025 volatile
151 Bosnia and Herzegovina 0 2025 volatile
151 Barbados 0 2025 flat
151 China 0 2025 flat
151 Cyprus 0 2025 volatile
151 Eritrea 0 2025 volatile
151 Hong Kong 0 2025 flat
151 Haiti 0 2025 volatile
151 Indonesia 0 2025 flat
151 India 0 2025 flat
151 Jordan 0 2025 flat
151 Cambodia 0 2025 volatile
151 Kuwait 0 2025 flat
151 Laos 0 2025 flat
151 Lebanon 0 2025 flat
151 Malaysia 0 2025 flat
151 Oman 0 2025 flat
151 North Korea 0 2025 flat
151 Palestine 0 1948 flat
151 Saudi Arabia 0 2025 flat
151 Sudan 0 2025 down 100.0% volatile
151 Solomon Islands 0 2025 flat
151 Trinidad and Tobago 0 2025 flat
151 United States 0 2025 flat

About this data

Indicator
Direct Democracy Index
Source
V-Dem (2026) – processed by Our World in Data
Licence
CC BY 4.0 (Our World in Data)
Coverage
175 places, 20,802 data points, 1900–2025
Last refreshed

Measures the extent of how easy it is for citizens to vote on specific issues themselves in popular initiatives, referendums, and plebiscites.